Gastrointestinal tracks. Innervations and visceral sensations of motility and sensations. GIT hormones pancreatic and biliary secretions and adaptability to absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, fat, water, mineral etc. Liver function test. The nephron urine formation and urinalysis. Urine concentration. ADH and osmolality. Acid-base balance, Micturation. Endocrine function of the kidney. Reproductive system.